What happen at Chernobyl?

The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the No. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union.[1][2] It is considered the worst nuclear disaster in history both in cost and casualties.[3] It is one of only two nuclear energy accidents rated at seven—the maximum severity—on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the other being the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan. The initial emergency response, together with later decontamination of the environment, involved more than 500,000 personnel and cost an estimated 18 billion Soviet rubles—roughly US$68 billion in 2019, adjusted for inflation.[4][5]

Date
26 April 1986; 35 years ago
Time
01:23:40 MSD (UTC+04:00)
Location
Chernobyl nuclear power plant, Pripyat, Chernobyl Raion, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
(now Ukraine)
Type
Nuclear and radiation accident
Cause
Reactor design flaws and human error
Outcome
INES Level 7 (major accident) see Chernobyl disaster effects
Deaths
Fewer than 100 deaths directly attributed to the accident. Varying estimates of increased mortality over subsequent decades (see Deaths due to the disaster)

Nothing great but not terrible.

It wasn't 3 roentgen

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based

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>we need concrete and proper cooling
>no you need sheet metal and a bunch of definitely nuclear physicists

does anybody believe there's a fate worst than what those firefighter went through?

One of the last decent HBO shows before it got niggerfied?

Game of Thrones ended in trash. Deadwood was hypocritical trash. Sopranos was White Nigger garbage. "Acting like a nigger is OK if white people do it!" Nope.

Lovecraft was pure niggerfied garbage. "Oh a nigger never committed crime, it's just those whities and their overt sense of humour and bullying!"

The accident occurred during a safety test on the steam turbine of an RBMK-type nuclear reactor. During a planned decrease of reactor power in preparation for the test, the power output unexpectedly dropped to near-zero. The operators were unable to restore the power level specified by the test program, which put the reactor in an unstable condition. This risk was not made evident in the operating instructions, so the operators proceeded with the test. Upon test completion, the operators triggered a reactor shutdown. But a combination of operator negligence and critical design flaws had made the reactor primed to explode. Instead of shutting down, an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction began, releasing enormous amounts of energy.[6]:33

The core melted down and two or more explosions ruptured the reactor core and destroyed the reactor building. This was immediately followed by an open-air reactor core fire. It released considerable airborne radioactive contamination for about nine days that precipitated onto parts of the USSR and Western Europe, before finally ending on 4 May 1986.[7][8] Some 70% of fallout landed in Belarus, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) away.[9] The fire released about the same amount of contamination as the initial explosion.[4] As a result of rising ambient radiation levels off-site, a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) radius exclusion zone was created 36 hours after the accident. About 49,000 people were evacuated from the area, primarily from Pripyat. The exclusion zone was later increased to 30 kilometres (19 mi) when a further 68,000 people were evacuated from the wider area, and later it became the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone covering an area of approximately 2,600 km2 (1,000 sq mi).[10]

>What happen at Chernobyl?
communists fucked up boiling water

The reactor explosion killed two engineers and severely burned two more. A massive emergency operation to put out the fire, stabilize the reactor, and clean up the ejected nuclear core began. During the immediate emergency response 134 station staff and firemen were hospitalized with acute radiation syndrome due to absorbing high doses of ionizing radiation. Of these 134 people, 28 died in the days to months afterward and approximately 14 suspected radiation-induced cancer deaths followed within the next 10 years.[11][12]

Chernobyl's health effects to the general population are uncertain. An excess of 15 childhood thyroid cancer deaths were documented as of 2011.[13][14] A United Nations committee found that to date fewer than 100 deaths have resulted from the fallout.[15] Determining the total eventual number of exposure related deaths is uncertain based on the linear no-threshold model, a contested statistical model.[16][17] Model predictions of the eventual total death toll in the coming decades vary. The most robust studies predict 4,000 fatalities when solely assessing the three most contaminated former Soviet states, to about 9,000 to 16,000 fatalities when assessing the whole of Europe.[18] Following the disaster, Pripyat was replaced by the new purpose built city of Slavutych.

The USSR built the protective Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus by December 1986. It reduced the spread of radioactive contamination from the wreckage and protected it from weathering. It also provided radiological protection for the crews of the undamaged reactors at the site, which were restarted in late 1986 and 1987. Due to the continued deterioration of the sarcophagus, it was further enclosed in 2017 by the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement. This larger enclosure allows the removal of both the sarcophagus and the reactor debris, while containing the radioactive hazard. Nuclear clean-up is scheduled for completion in 2065.[19]

MR HICKEY
CEASE YOUR SODOMY OF THIS REACTOR THIS INSTANT

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I don't think there is a worse death than Acute Radiation Syndrome desu

Nothing. It was completely staged propaganda to push the nuclear hoax.

Slavs are too dumb to boil water

youtube.com/watch?v=KEO5VBo6R4w

youtube.com/watch?v=3qEC-qDG0Bo

Kek

In power-generating operation, most of the heat generated in a nuclear reactor by its fuel rods is derived from nuclear fission, but a significant fraction (over 6%) is derived from the radioactive decay of the accumulated fission products; a process known as decay heat. This decay heat continues for some time after the fission chain reaction has been stopped, such as following a reactor shutdown, either emergency or planned, and continued pumped circulation of coolant is essential to prevent core overheating, or in the worst case, core meltdown.[20] The RBMK reactors like those at Chernobyl use water as a coolant, circulated by electrically driven pumps.[21][22] The coolant flow rate is considerable. Reactor No. 4 had 1661 individual fuel channels, each requiring a coolant flow of 28 m3/hr at full reactor power, for a total of over 45 million litres per hour (12 million gallons per hour) for the entire reactor.[23]

In case of a total power loss at the station, each of Chernobyl's reactors had three backup diesel generators, but they took 60–75 seconds to attain full load[23]:15 and generate the 5.5‑megawatt output required to run one main pump.[23]:30 In the interim, special counterweights on each pump would enable them to provide coolant via inertia, thereby bridging the gap to generator startup.[24][25] However, a potential safety risk existed in the event that a station blackout occurred simultaneously with the rupture of a 600-millimetre (24 in) coolant pipe (the so-called Design Basis Accident). In this scenario the emergency core cooling system (ECCS) needed to pump additional water into the core, replacing coolant lost to evaporation.[6] It had been theorized that the rotational momentum of the reactor's steam turbine could be used to generate the required electrical power to operate the ECCS

Its all in your pic.

Science.

Covid jabs.

via the feedwater pumps. The turbine's speed would run down as energy was taken from it, but analysis indicated that there might be sufficient energy to provide electrical power to run the coolant pumps for 45 seconds.[23]:16 This would not quite bridge the gap between an external power failure and the full availability of the emergency generators, but would alleviate the situation.[26]

Safety test
The turbine run-down energy capability still needed to be confirmed experimentally, and previous tests had ended unsuccessfully. An initial test carried out in 1982 indicated that the excitation voltage of the turbine-generator was insufficient; it did not maintain the desired magnetic field after the turbine trip. The electrical system was modified, and the test was repeated in 1984 but again proved unsuccessful. In 1985, the test was conducted a third time but also yielded no results due to a problem with the recording equipment. The test procedure was to be run again in 1986 and was scheduled to take place during a controlled power-down of reactor No. 4, which was preparatory to a planned maintenance outage.[26][6]:51

A test procedure had been written, but the authors were not aware of the unusual RBMK-1000 reactor behaviour under the planned operating conditions.[6]:52 It was regarded as purely an electrical test of the generator, not a complex unit test, even though it involved critical unit systems. According to the regulations in place at the time, such a test did not require approval by either the chief design authority for the reactor (NIKIET) or the Soviet nuclear safety regulator.[6]:51–52 The test program called for disabling the emergency core cooling system, a passive/active system of core cooling intended to provide water to the core in a loss-of-coolant accident, and approval from the Chernobyl site chief engineer had been obtained according to regulations.[6]:18

Omggggg Chernobyl channnnn xP xP she’s so qt3.14

The test procedure was intended to run as follows:

Test Preparation

The test would take place during a scheduled reactor shutdown
The reactor power was to be reduced to between 700 MW and 1000 MW (It was not necessary to perform the test from full-power operation, as only the electrical generator was being tested)
The steam-turbine generator was to be run at normal operating speed
Four out of eight main circulating pumps were to be supplied with off-site power, while the other four would be powered by the turbine
Electrical Test

When the correct conditions were achieved, the steam supply to the turbine generator would be closed off, and the reactor would be shut down
The voltage provided by the coasting turbine would be measured, along with the voltage and RPMs of the four main circulating pumps being powered by the turbine
When the emergency generators supplied full electrical power, the turbine generator would be allowed to continue free-wheeling down

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The test was to be conducted during the day-shift of 25 April 1986 as part of a scheduled reactor shut down. The day shift crew had been instructed in advance on the reactor operating conditions to run the test and in addition, a special team of electrical engineers was present to conduct the one-minute test of the new voltage regulating system once the correct conditions had been reached.[27] As planned, a gradual reduction in the output of the power unit began at 01:06 on 25 April, and the power level had reached 50% of its nominal 3,200 MW thermal level by the beginning of the day shift.[6]:53

The day shift performed many unrelated maintenance tasks, and was scheduled to perform the test at 14:15[28]:3 and preparations for the test were carried out, including the disabling of the emergency core cooling system.[6]:53 Meanwhile, another regional power station unexpectedly went offline and at 14:00[6]:53 the Kiev electrical grid controller requested that the further reduction of Chernobyl's output be postponed, as power was needed to satisfy the peak evening demand, so the test was postponed.

Soon, the day shift was replaced by the evening shift.[28]:3 Despite the delay, the emergency core cooling system was left disabled. This system had to be disconnected via a manual isolating slide valve[6]:51 which in practice meant that two or three people spent the whole shift manually turning sailboat-helm sized valve wheels.[28]:4 The system would have no influence on the events that unfolded next, but allowing the reactor to run for 11 hours outside of the test without emergency protection was indicative of a general lack of safety culture.[6]:10,18

At 23:04, the Kiev grid controller allowed the reactor shutdown to resume. This delay had some serious consequences: the day shift had long since departed, the evening shift was also preparing to leave, and the night shift would not take over until midnight,

well into the job. According to plan, the test should have been finished during the day shift, and the night shift would only have had to maintain decay heat cooling systems in an otherwise shut-down plant.[23]:36–38

The night shift had very limited time to prepare for and carry out the experiment. Anatoly Dyatlov, deputy chief-engineer of the entire Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, was present to supervise and direct the test as one of its chief authors and the highest-ranking individual present. Unit Shift Supervisor Aleksandr Akimov was in charge of the Unit 4 night shift, and Leonid Toptunov was the Senior Reactor Control Engineer responsible for the reactor's operational regimen, including the movement of the control rods. 25 year old Toptunov had worked independently as a senior engineer for approximately three months.[23]:36–38

Unexpected drop of the reactor power
The test plan called for a gradual decrease in reactor power to a thermal level of 700–1000 MW[29] and an output of 720 MW was reached at 00:05 on 26 April.[6]:53 However, due to the reactor's production of a fission byproduct, xenon-135, which is a reaction-inhibiting neutron absorber, power continued to decrease in the absence of further operator action; a process known as reactor poisoning. In steady-state operation, this is avoided because xenon-135 is "burned off" as quickly as it is created from decaying iodine-135 by the absorption of neutrons from the ongoing chain reaction, becoming highly stable xenon-136. With the reactor power reduced, previously produced high quantities of iodine-135 were decaying into the neutron-absorbing xenon-135 faster than the reduced neutron flux could burn it off.[30] Xenon poisoning in this context made reactor control more difficult, but was a predictable and well-understood phenomenon during such a power reduction.

Why are you spamming wiki? You might as well just quote the times of israel.

When the reactor power had decreased to approximately 500 MW, the reactor power control was switched to a different mode in order to manually maintain the required power level.[6]:11[31] Around that moment, the power suddenly fell into an unintended near-shutdown state, with a power output of 30 MW thermal or less. The exact circumstances that caused the power fall are unknown because Akimov died in hospital on 10 May and Toptunov on 14 May; most reports attributed it to Toptunov's mistake, but Dyatlov also reported that it was due to an equipment failure.[6]:11

The reactor was now producing only 5% of the minimum initial power level prescribed for the test.[6]:73 This low reactivity inhibited the burn-off of xenon-135[6]:6 within the reactor core and hindered the rise of reactor power. To increase power, control-room personnel had to remove numerous control rods from the reactor.[32] Several minutes elapsed before the reactor was restored to 160 MW at 0:39, at which point most control rods were at their upper limits, but the rod configuration was still within normal operating limits (ORM of at least 16 rods). Over the next twenty minutes, reactor power would be increased further to 200 MW.

The operation of the reactor at the low power level (and high poisoning level) was accompanied by unstable core temperatures and coolant flow, and possibly by instability of neutron flux. The control room received repeated emergency signals regarding the low levels in one half of the steam/water separator drums, with accompanied drum separator pressure warnings. In response, personnel triggered several rapid influxes of feedwater. Relief valves opened to relieve excess steam into a turbine condenser.

I wish this show was in Russian.

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US sabotage. They did the same to a big Soviet gas pipeline.

Asshole asked what happened at chernoble I'm informing him
Reactor conditions priming the accident
When a power level of 200 MW was reattained, preparation for the experiment continued, although the power level was much lower than the prescribed 700 MW. As part of the test program, two additional main circulating (coolant) pumps were activated at 01:05. The increased coolant flow lowered the overall core temperature and reduced the existing steam voids in the core. Because water absorbs neutrons better than steam, the neutron flux and reactivity decreased. The operators responded by removing more manual control rods to maintain power.[33][34] It was around this time that the number of control rods inserted in the reactor fell below the required value of 15. This was not apparent to the operators because the RBMK did not have any instruments capable of calculating the inserted rod worth in real time.

The combined effect of these various actions was an extremely unstable reactor configuration. Nearly all of the 211 control rods had been extracted manually, and excessively high coolant flow rates through the core meant that the coolant was entering the reactor very close to the boiling point. Unlike other light-water reactor designs, the RBMK design at that time had a positive void coefficient of reactivity at low power levels. This meant that the formation of steam bubbles (voids) from boiling cooling water intensified the nuclear chain reaction owing to voids having lower neutron absorption than water. Unbeknownst to the operators, the void coefficient was not counterbalanced by other reactivity effects in the given operating regime, meaning that any increase in boiling would produce more steam voids which further intensified the chain reaction, leading to a positive feedback loop. Given this characteristic, reactor No. 4 was now at risk of a runaway increase in its core power with nothing to restrain it. The reactor was now very sensitive to

I miss /rbmk/

Nature taking back a little bit of what's hers.

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the regenerative effect of steam voids on reactor power.[6]:3,14
At 01:23:40, as recorded by the SKALA centralized control system, a scram (emergency shutdown) of the reactor was initiated[36] as the experiment was wrapping up.[31] The scram was started when the AZ-5 button (also known as the EPS-5 button) of the reactor emergency protection system was pressed: this engaged the drive mechanism on all control rods to fully insert them, including the manual control rods that had been withdrawn earlier.

The personnel had already intended to shut down using the AZ-5 button in preparation for scheduled maintenance[37] and the scram likely preceded the sharp increase in power.[6]:13 However, the precise reason why the button was pressed when it was is not certain, as only the deceased Akimov and Toptunov partook in that decision, though the atmosphere in the control room was calm at that moment.[38][39]:85 Meanwhile, the RBMK designers claim that the button had to have been pressed only after the reactor already began to self-destruct.[40]:578

They couldn't niggerfy it bc it was set in the 80s Soviet Union. They did make up a strong woman character that didn't exist.

Russian incompetence. On literally every fucking level, starting with the very design of the reactors.

That actually is worth reading though. You’ll never get info from jew for goy publications, read jew for jew publications to see what they really think

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When the AZ-5 button was pressed, the insertion of control rods into the reactor core began. The control rod insertion mechanism moved the rods at 0.4 metres per second (1.3 ft/s), so that the rods took 18 to 20 seconds to travel the full height of the core, about 7 metres (23 ft). A bigger problem was the design of the RBMK control rods, each of which had a graphite neutron moderator section attached to its end to boost reactor output by displacing water when the control rod section had been fully withdrawn from the reactor. That is, when a control rod was at maximum extraction, a neutron-moderating graphite extension was centered in the core with 1.25 metres (4.1 ft) columns of water above and below it.

Consequently, injecting a control rod downward into the reactor in a scram initially displaced (neutron-absorbing) water in the lower portion of the reactor with (neutron-moderating) graphite. Thus, an emergency scram could initially increase the reaction rate in the lower part of the core.[6]:4 This behaviour was discovered when the initial insertion of control rods in another RBMK reactor at Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant in 1983 induced a power spike. Procedural countermeasures were not implemented in response to Ignalina. The UKAEA investigative report INSAG-7 later stated, "Apparently, there was a widespread view that the conditions under which the positive scram effect would be important would never occur. However, they did appear in almost every detail in the course of the actions leading to the (Chernobyl) accident."[6]:13

A few seconds into the scram, a power spike did occur, and the core overheated, causing some of the fuel rods to fracture. Some have speculated that this also blocked the control rod columns, jamming them at one-third insertion. Within three seconds the reactor output rose above 530 MW.[23]:31

Instruments did not register the subsequent course of events; they were reconstructed through mathematical simulatio

Fipsbips

I miss 2019.

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No you're just spamming wiki so its guaranteed to be lies. He asked for actual info. Not word salad written by a troon. Just post the link and fuck off if you dont know.

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Turned out not to be as bad as they thought.

>What happen at Chernobyl?
Retarded shit, retard.
HONK

n, the power spike would have caused an increase in fuel temperature and steam buildup, leading to a rapid increase in steam pressure. This caused the fuel cladding to fail, releasing the fuel elements into the coolant and rupturing the channels in which these elements were located.[42]
As the scram continued, the reactor output jumped to around 30,000 MW thermal, 10 times its normal operational output, the indicated last reading on the power meter on the control panel. Some estimate the power spike may have gone 10 times higher than that. It was not possible to reconstruct the precise sequence of the processes that led to the destruction of the reactor and the power unit building, but a steam explosion, like the explosion of a steam boiler from excess vapour pressure, appears to have been the next event. There is a general understanding that it was explosive steam pressure from the damaged fuel channels escaping into the reactor's exterior cooling structure that caused the explosion that destroyed the reactor casing, tearing off and blasting the upper plate called the upper biological shield,[43] to which the entire reactor assembly is fastened, through the roof of the reactor building. This is believed to be the first explosion that many heard.[45]:366
This explosion ruptured further fuel channels, as well as severing most of the coolant lines feeding the reactor chamber, and as a result, the remaining coolant flashed to steam and escaped the reactor core. The total water loss combined with a high positive void coefficient further increased the reactor's thermal power.

A second, more powerful explosion occurred about two or three seconds after the first; this explosion dispersed the damaged core and effectively terminated the nuclear chain reaction. This explosion also compromised more of the reactor containment vessel and ejected hot lumps of graphite moderator. The ejected graphite and the demolished channels still in the remains of the reactor

>socialism never took root in america
That's actually wrong though. Boomers openly embraced socialism.

Get fucked, chink and work on your English.

All fields.

blyatiful

They were lucky it was the Chernobyl plant that exploded and not any of the other RMBK reactors, especially the Leningrad one. One of those plants were bound to blow up

This.