Why are the ages of 12-14 portrayed so much more accurately in anime than in other forms of media...

Eren is 15 when he joins the super elite soldier squad survey corps in Attack on Titan. Do you find that to be a good age for that, even in fiction?

The ages are ridiculous honestly.

What 12 year olds are behaving like mature adults in anime?

That isn't historically out of the realm of possibility. Teenagers sometimes got high ranks in the military in times of war and were often recruited at a young age.

I don't know user I was 12 when FLCL first aired on adult swim and I had no idea I was supposed to be the same age as him. He definitely seems a little more angsty and moody than the average 12 year old boy. He comes off as like 14-16 maybe

12 is middle school age. That's usually when people start getting angsty and moody. That's how it was for me.

Are they? Railgun characters were in fucking middle school, but if you didn't know that, you'd think they're all college students at least. School is associated with the most freeing time for an average Japanese person, so the writers like to make their characters around that age, but when actually writing said characters, they make everyone act like adults.
It's actually very common both in the West and East. The truth is, "realistic" children would be too fucking annoying for anyone to watch, so even when the characters are kids, they never act like kids.

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13 is the angsty moody age

What are kids supposed to act like and what are some shows that accurately show this, in your opinion? "Behaving like actual kids' is kind of vague when all sorts of people behave independently from each other.

Socially immature, mostly dumb overall, overly emotional, easily swayed by authority figures, etc.
You know what anime did a great job portraying real 14-year-olds? The original Evangelion.

Evangelion was actually going to be one of my examples. People like to cope by saying "they look 18", but Sailor Moon feels accurate in terms of portraying 14 year old girls. I think people who say they seem older have never watched it.

I still think FLCL's Naota and Eri are good portrayals for what their age is supposed to be. 12 is when you have broken out of your childhood and you get a lot angstier and you actually start seriously noticing girls. Obviously, Naota is not actually 'mature' in a serious regard. Being angsty and moody does not mean the social maturity of 12 year old is equivalent to that of say 16-18.

I haven't see FLCL in ages, but Sailor Moon characters are not really children, only Usagi actually acted her age at first. Sailor Senshi don't easily buckle under pressure despite being thrown into insane situations, which is a sign of a mature individual. Again, compare and contrast with Evangelion, how all three pilots fall apart completely during their consecutive battles, with Ayanami being broken from the start, Shinji getting completely destroyed by the pressure of every battle, and Asuka bottling in her fears and pain until her mind gives in completely and she suffers a mental collapse.
Paradoxically enough, characters in children's media often act least like children. Because kids want to see superheroes, not Shinji pissing his pants and having panic attacks.

Idk what history books you’ve been reading but I’ve never come across anything like that and I find it immersion breaking. Eren acts like he’s 18 years old at least.

>18
If 18 weren't the legal adult age, you wouldn't be saying that. Historically, 18 was not of much importance and only in the last 50 years has had any sort of social significance. Your mind goes to 18 specifically because it's the legal adult age in contemporary times and it seems 'correct' to you.

You should read more history books. 14-17 year olds were often recruited in times of war., regardless of the morality or whatever behind it. Alexander the Great was in his mid-teens when he was conquering lands. Sometimes people around that age range would hold political office. That's not to say it was common for them to hold such high ranks, but them being in wars wasn't something that just didn't happen.